This page lists the sources named in the facts of the articles on History of Toronto. Where a source could not be opened during checking, the article says so, and facts that rest only on a secondary source are marked in the text. The list is compiled from the fact records kept for each article and is updated when articles are revised.
Archives, governments and heritage bodies come first because they are used first. Encyclopedias and other secondary works are used where no primary page could be read.
Archives and government sources
- Archives of Ontario (search extract only; page blocked automated fetch) (archives.gov.on.ca)
- Archives of Ontario Research Guide 212 (archives.gov.on.ca)
- Bank of Canada (bankofcanada.ca)
- Canada Post (canadapost-postescanada.ca)
- Canada's Historic Places (historicplaces.ca)
- Canada's Historic Places (historicplaces.ca)
- Canada's Historic Places (historicplaces.ca)
- Canada's Historic Places (historicplaces.ca)
- Canadian Book Review Annual Online (cbra.library.utoronto.ca)
- Canadian Heritage (canada.ca)
- Canadian Heritage (canada.ca)
- Canadian Heritage, National Flag of Canada Day: Did you know (canada.ca)
- Canadian Heritage, Rules for half-masting (canada.ca)
- Canadian Heritage, The National Flag of Canada (canada.ca)
- Canadian Register of Historic Places (historicplaces.ca)
- Canadian Register of Historic Places (Parks Canada) (historicplaces.ca)
- Carleton University collection; Toronto Public Library blog; Retail Insider (secondary) (blogs.tpl.ca)
- CBSA, Border wait times (cbsa-asfc.gc.ca)
- CBSA, Travelling (cbsa-asfc.gc.ca)
- City of Toronto (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto / Ontario Heritage Act e-Register (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto 1975 by-law (Ontario Heritage Act e-Register) (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- City of Toronto 2011 Census Backgrounder (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto 2021 Census Backgrounder on immigration and ethnic origin (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto 2021 Census Backgrounder: Language (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives web exhibit (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, 75th Anniversary of the End of the Second World War (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Black history (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Black history research guide (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Bridging the Don (introduction) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Bridging the Don: Construction (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Bridging the Don: The Viaduct Opens (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Canada's First Subway (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Chinese history in Toronto (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Metropolitan Toronto historical records (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, No Little Plans (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Toronto Remembers the Home Front 1939-1945 (pages 1 and 2) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, War on the Homefront (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Your Home Our City (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Archives, Your Home, Our City: Island Housing (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto backgrounder (Statistics Canada data) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto By-law 1250-2007 / Ontario Heritage Trust plaque (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto By-law 180-2000 heritage property report, 106 Trinity Street (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- City of Toronto by-laws (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Casa Loma page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto council document (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto council report, October 1998 (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Council, MM24.45 (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Discovery Walks, Garrison Creek (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Ferry Routes and Schedules (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Ferry Ticket and Passenger Information (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Fort York (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Fort York page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto HCD study; Parks Canada (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Heritage Register page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Heritage Register Review page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Mount Dennis Economic Development Study; Metrolinx (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Municipal Code Chapter 608 (June 3, 2024) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Museums (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto news release (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto news release (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto notice of intention to designate (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- City of Toronto Official Plan, Regent Park Secondary Plan (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto reports (2007, 2012) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto staff reports (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto Toronto Island Park Plan (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, 2021 Census backgrounder (Education, Labour…) and ward profile (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, 2021 Census Backgrounder: Housing and Indigenous Peoples (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, 2021 Street Needs Assessment (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, About the Gardiner Expressway (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, About the Gardiner Expressway (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Alcohol in Parks Program (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Applying to Toronto Fire Services (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Bylaw enforcement: Parks (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, City Hall tour page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Civic Architecture exhibit and Old City Hall page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Colborne Lodge (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Danforth Historic Context Statement (March 2021) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, East York 100 exhibit (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Etobicoke: A Modern Suburb (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Features of Nathan Phillips Square (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Fire Services (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, From Farmland to Township (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Gardiner Expressway (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Garrison Creek Open Space Linkage Plan (council report 1998) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Getting Around in North York (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, High Park (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Historic Yonge Street HCD Study, History and Evolution (2015) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, History of Biidaasige Park (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, History of Union Station (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Horticulture and Garden Parks (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Industrial Development in North York (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Late utility bill payments (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Mackenzie House (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Market Gallery (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Mayor, Reeve and Chairman (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Mel Lastman exhibit page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, No Little Plans: Civic Square (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Noise (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, North York Grows Up (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Official Plan (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Park & Trail Rules & Etiquette (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Parking Regulations (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, PATH page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Port Lands Indigenous Place Naming Initiative (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Premier-Ranked Tourist Destination Project report, Dec 2007 (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, prescribed burn page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, report for action: Inclusion on the Heritage Register, 955 Lake Shore Boulevard West (Ontario Place), April 2019 (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Scarborough Before the Civic Centre (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Scarborough Bluffs West Project (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Spadina Museum (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, St. James Town Connects staff report (2018) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, St. Lawrence Market (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Street Needs Assessment page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Teiaiagon-Baby Point report (as shown in search results) (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Toronto at a glance (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Toronto Employment Survey 2021 (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Toronto Hydro corporation page (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Toronto Parking Authority profile (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Turning On Toronto, Competing Ideologies (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Turning On Toronto, Harnessing the Power of Niagara (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Turning On Toronto, Setting the Scene and Consolidating Power (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Turning On Toronto, Toronto Hydro-Electric System (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Utility bill (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Waste Collection Schedule (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Water, environment and trees (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, WWI Commemoration (toronto.ca)
- City of Toronto, Yorkville-Hazelton HCD plan (via search summary; PDF not machine-readable) (toronto.ca)
- Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (canada.ca)
- Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, treaty texts (rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca)
- CRTC Telecom Decision 2011-436 (via search summary; page returned 403) (crtc.gc.ca)
- CRTC Telecom Decision 2023-135 (read through search summary; the CRTC page itself returned HTTP 403 to the fetch tool) (crtc.gc.ca)
- CRTC Telecom Decision 2023-135 and CNA planning letter PL 613 (via search summary; PDF unreachable) (web.crtc.gc.ca)
- Deseronto Archives (deserontoarchives.ca)
- Docomomo Ontario (docomomo-ontario.ca)
- ECCC archived 1954 tropical cyclone summary (canada.ca)
- ECCC archived Hazel impacts (canada.ca)
- ECCC archived Hurricane Hazel storm information (canada.ca)
- ECCC Climate Normals (api.weather.gc.ca, station 6158733) (api.weather.gc.ca)
- ECCC daily climate data (stations 6158350, 6158733) (api.weather.gc.ca)
- Environment and Climate Change Canada (climate.weather.gc.ca)
- Environment Canada archive Hurricane Hazel mitigation (canada.ca)
- Government of Canada (canada.ca)
- Government of Canada news archive 2014 (canada.ca)
- Government of Canada news release (canada.ca)
- Government of Canada news release, January 25, 2010 (canada.ca)
- Government of Ontario (ontario.ca)
- Government of Ontario, Ontario Place (ontario.ca)
- Harney, Polyphony 1984 (archives.studentscommission.ca)
- Heritage Toronto account via UrbanToronto (urbantoronto.ca)
- Historic Places Days (historicplacesdays.ca)
- ICLR and Western University investigation (insurance-canada.ca)
- Justice Laws, Rouge National Urban Park Act (laws-lois.justice.gc.ca)
- Language Portal of Canada (search summary; page returned 403) (noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca)
- Learning from SARS (National Advisory Committee, Oct 2003) (canada.ca)
- Legislative Assembly of Ontario (ola.org)
- Legislative Assembly of Ontario (ola.org)
- Legislative Assembly of Ontario (ola.org)
- Legislative Assembly of Ontario, timeline 1880-1909 (ola.org)
- Library and Archives Canada (canada.ca)
- Library and Archives Canada (bac-lac.gc.ca)
- Library and Archives Canada (collectionscanada.gc.ca)
- Marques and Medeiros, Polyphony 1984 (archives.studentscommission.ca)
- National Research Council Canada (nrc.canada.ca)
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Geographical Names (archived) (bac-lac.wayback.archive-it.org)
- NHL; Parks Canada (canada.ca)
- North Rosedale Heritage Conservation District Plan (2004) (toronto.ca)
- NRCan GEOFACT earthquakes in southeastern Canada (origin2.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca)
- Ontario Gazette vol. 136 issues 34 and 37 (ontario.ca)
- Ontario government (ontario.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust plaque (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust plaque (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust plaque (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust plaque listing (via search summary) (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust register (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust register (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust register (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust register (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust, Hurricane Hazel background paper (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust, Jean Lumb background paper (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust, Yonge Street plaque (heritagetrust.on.ca)
- Ontario Jewish Archives: synagogues exhibit (ontariojewisharchives.org)
- Ontario.ca, Scarborough Waterfront Project (ontario.ca)
- Parkdale Main Street HCD Plan (Draft), City of Toronto, April 2022 (toronto.ca)
- Parks Canada (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada (canada.ca)
- Parks Canada (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada directory (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada Directory of Federal Heritage Designations (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada milestones (canada.ca)
- Parks Canada national historic event designation (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada Rouge history (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada, Canadian Register of Historic Places (historicplaces.ca)
- Parks Canada, Directory of Federal Heritage Designations (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada, Directory of Federal Heritage Designations (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada, Directory of Federal Heritage Designations (pc.gc.ca)
- Parks Canada, Reverend Adolphus Egerton Ryerson National Historic Person (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada, The Toronto Subway (parks.canada.ca)
- Parks Canada; Canada's Historic Places (pc.gc.ca)
- Patrick Shepperd essay, 1984 (archives.studentscommission.ca)
- South Rosedale Heritage Conservation District Study (2002) (toronto.ca)
- Statistics Canada (www12.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada Census Dictionary 2021 (www12.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada Daily, July 25, 2024 (www150.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada, 2021 Census (www12.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada, The Daily 2022-09-21, table 4b (www150.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada, The Daily 2022-10-26 (www150.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada, The Daily, February 9, 2022 (www150.statcan.gc.ca)
- Statistics Canada, The Daily, Oct 26 2022 (www150.statcan.gc.ca)
- Sturino, Polyphony 1984 (archives.studentscommission.ca)
- Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto exhibit (fisherdigitus.library.utoronto.ca)
- Toronto Public Library (tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library (tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library blog (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library blog (search snippet) (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library digital archive (via search excerpt) (digitalarchiveontario.ca)
- Toronto Public Library local history blog (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library local history blog (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library local history blog (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library local history blog (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library local history blog, March 30, 2019 (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library, Albert Campbell branch blog (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library, Remembering the T. Eaton Company (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library, Remembering the Toronto Islands (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Toronto Public Library, Shop Local retail history (blogs.tpl.ca)
- TPL blog Remembering TPL and its first Central Library (blogs.tpl.ca)
- Trinity College history chronology (trinity.utoronto.ca)
- U.S. CBP, admission record (cbp.gov)
- U.S. CBP, International Visitors (cbp.gov)
- U.S. CBP, Preclearance (cbp.gov)
- University of Toronto Libraries (collections.library.utoronto.ca)
- University of Toronto Libraries (collections.library.utoronto.ca)
- University of Toronto Libraries, Heritage U of T (collections.library.utoronto.ca)
- University of Toronto New College (newcollege.utoronto.ca)
- University of Toronto Scarborough (planetearth.utsc.utoronto.ca)
- Veterans Affairs Canada (veterans.gc.ca)
- Veterans Affairs Canada, 10 Quick Facts: First World War (veterans.gc.ca)
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (veterans.gc.ca)
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Second World War (veterans.gc.ca)
- Veterans Affairs Canada, Toronto Scottish Regiment (M.G.) Monument (veterans.gc.ca)
- Victoria University (University of Toronto), Presidential Report on the Legacy of Egerton Ryerson (June 2021) (vicu.utoronto.ca)
- Waterfront Toronto, About us (waterfrontoronto.ca)
- West Queen West HCD Study, City of Toronto, June 2017 (toronto.ca)
- Women and Gender Equality Canada (canada.ca)
- WorldCat / Toronto Public Library digital archive (digitalarchive.tpl.ca)
Dictionary and encyclopedias
- Britannica (via search summary) (britannica.com)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia / TPL blog via search (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia, Grey Cup (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia, Harold Ballard (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia, Sun Media Corporation (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: St Lawrence Market (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- DCHP-3, University of British Columbia (dchp.arts.ubc.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography (via site article on Robert Baldwin) (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography / Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Anderson (via search summary) (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Brown, George (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Eaton, Timothy (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Ewart and Lane (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, First World War theme (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (F. H. Armstrong and R. J. Stagg), vol. 9 (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Osgoode (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Peter Matthews (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, RYERSON, EGERTON (Adolphus Egerton), vol. 11 (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Storm (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Biography, STRACHAN, JOHN (G. M. Craig), vol. 9 (biographi.ca)
- Dictionary of Canadian Hip Hop Slang, UBC (DCHP-3) (dchp.arts.ubc.ca)
- Encyclopedia.com Toronto Blessing (encyclopedia.com)
- Heritage U of T chronology (via search summary); DCB (biographi.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (prod-front.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (Maclean's, March 17, 1997) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (Marsh) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (search summary) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (via search excerpts) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (via search excerpts) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Cabbagetown (J. R. Colombo, edited Oct 24, 2025) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Eaton's: A Dynasty in Decline (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Evergreen Brick Works (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Film Festivals (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Flag Debate (also cited by Canadian Heritage via Matheson note) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Fred Gardiner (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, John Strachan (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Little Norway (via summary page; article body not readable) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Metropolitan Government (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Montgomery's Tavern (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Ontario Hydro (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, plain-language summary (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Second World War Veterans (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Argonauts (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Canada's First Subway (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Casa Loma (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Eaton Centre (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Hurricane Hazel (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Maple Leaf Gardens (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Rogers Centre (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Scarborough Bluffs (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: St James Town (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: The Carlu (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Toronto City Hall (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Toronto Islands (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Feature: Ward's Island (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Raptors (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto Stock Exchange (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Trinity-Bellwoods Park (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Canadian National Exhibition (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Kensington Market (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Lewis Samuel (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Massey Hall (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia: Nathan Phillips (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia; Dictionary of Canadian Biography (read through search summaries) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
Museums, heritage and community organizations
- ASI Heritage (Robertson) (asiheritage.ca)
- ASI Heritage, MacDonald and Robertson (asiheritage.ca)
- Bata Shoe Museum (batashoemuseum.ca)
- Building Design + Construction (bdcnetwork.com)
- Canadian Museum of Health Care (museumofhealthcare.ca)
- Canadian War Museum, Canada and the First World War (warmuseum.ca)
- Canadian War Museum, women war workers (warmuseum.ca)
- CNE Heritage (cneheritage.com)
- CNE Heritage (cneheritage.com)
- Harbourfront Centre (harbourfrontcentre.com)
- Heritage Mississauga (heritagemississauga.com)
- Heritage Mississauga (heritagemississauga.com)
- Heritage Toronto (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto, Echoes of the Spanish Flu (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto, Little Italy on College Street (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto, Towers in the Park (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto, Vacancy at Old City Hall (heritagetoronto.org)
- Heritage Toronto, World Within a Block / Cemetery Treaties (heritagetoronto.org)
- Lost Rivers project (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers project (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers project (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers project (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers project, Garrison Creek (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers project, Prince Edward Viaduct (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers project, Taddle Creek (lostrivers.ca)
- Lost Rivers Walks, Old Chinatown (citing Thompson 1989) (lostrivers.ca)
- lostrivers.ca (lostrivers.ca)
- Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation (mncfn.ca)
- Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation (mncfn.ca)
- Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation (mncfn.ca)
- Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation, community profile (mncfn.ca)
- Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation, New Credit page (mncfn.ca)
- PortsToronto history page and City of Toronto heritage report (via search summary) (portstoronto.com)
- PortsToronto, About the Port (portstoronto.com)
- Royal Ontario Museum (rom.on.ca)
- South Humber Monument press kit (EHS, MCFN, La Societe d'histoire de Toronto) (mncfn.ca)
- The Ward Museum (wardmuseum.ca)
- Toronto Holocaust Museum (torontoholocaustmuseum.org)
- Toronto Ward Museum; Toronto Cultural Landscape Foundation (wardmuseum.ca)
News, books and other secondary sources
- 988.ca (988.ca)
- A View on Cities (secondary) (aviewoncities.com)
- American Battlefield Trust (battlefields.org)
- Anishinabek News, May 2, 2017 (anishinabeknews.ca)
- Archdiocese of Toronto, St. Paul's Basilica (stpaulsbasilica.archtoronto.org)
- Archive CD Books / MyHeritage (archivecdbooks.ca)
- Atkinson Foundation (atkinsonfoundation.ca)
- Atkinson Foundation (atkinsonfoundation.ca)
- Cabbagetown Preservation Association, About Cabbagetown (cabbagetownpa.ca)
- Canadian Council for Refugees (ccrweb.ca)
- Canadian Heritage Rivers System (chrs.ca)
- Canadian Heritage Rivers System (chrs.ca)
- Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 (Raska) (pier21.ca)
- Canadian Numbering Administrator, Canadian Geographic Area Code Relief History (updated May 29, 2026) (cnac.ca)
- Canadian Orange Historical Site (canadianorangehistoricalsite.com)
- Canadiana (canadiana.ca)
- Canadiana (canadiana.ca)
- Canadiana and Project Gutenberg (gutenberg.org)
- Casa Loma history page (casaloma.ca)
- CBC / Global News (via search summary) (cbc.ca)
- CFL Guide and Record Book (as summarized in 1st Grey Cup article) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Christianity Today (christianitytoday.com)
- City of Toronto Archives; LocalWiki (secondary) (localwiki.org)
- CN Tower official history (cntower.ca)
- CNA Planning Letter PL-613, May 11, 2023 (nanpa.com)
- Corktown Residents and Business Association heritage page; Wikipedia citing Lemos 2018 (corktown.ca)
- CTV News Toronto (toronto.ctvnews.ca)
- CTV News Toronto (headline and date only) (ctvnews.ca)
- Environment and Climate Change Canada normals via Wikipedia Geography of Toronto (en.wikipedia.org)
- ESPN (via search summary) (espn.com)
- Evans, Ontario History 112(2), 2020 (doi.org)
- Exhibition Place: Facts and Figures (explace.on.ca)
- Global News (globalnews.ca)
- Global News, July 18, 2019 (secondary) (globalnews.ca)
- Global News, Ryerson University renamed Toronto Metropolitan University (April 26, 2022) (globalnews.ca)
- Global News; Canadian Architect (search summaries) (canadianarchitect.com)
- GreekTown on the Danforth BIA (greektowntoronto.com)
- Guinness World Records, Longest street (guinnessworldrecords.com)
- Hallowell, Prohibition in Ontario (Ontario Historical Society, 1972) (ontariohistoricalsociety.ca)
- Hallowell; TVO (amp.tvo.org)
- Historic plaque text (readtheplaque.com transcription) (readtheplaque.com)
- IESO, Blackout 2003 (ieso.ca)
- Ihsan, Canadian Food Studies 2023 (canadianfoodstudies.uwaterloo.ca)
- Language Log (languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu)
- Leslieville Historical Society, Apple Time in the East End (leslievillehistory.com)
- Leslieville Historical Society, Leslieville Timeline (leslievillehistory.com)
- Library catalogue records via search (fadedpage.com)
- MacDougall 2007 (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- Mattamy Athletic Centre, history of Maple Leaf Gardens (mattamyathleticcentre.ca)
- McGinnis 1977, Historical Papers (erudit.org)
- Metrolinx (metrolinx.com)
- Metrolinx, This Day in History (metrolinx.com)
- MLB all-time owners; SABR (mlb.com)
- MLB, Blue Jays history timeline (mlb.com)
- MLB.com (read via search summary; direct fetch blocked) (mlb.com)
- MOCA backgrounder (moca.ca)
- Mount Pleasant Group (mountpleasantgroup.com)
- NANPA, About NANPA (search summary) (nanpa.com)
- NBA.com video record (nba.com)
- Neptis Foundation terminology chapter (search summary only) (neptis.org)
- News Media Canada / BNN Bloomberg (via search excerpts) (nmc-mic.ca)
- NHL, Maple Leafs team history (nhl.com)
- NHL.com (nhl.com)
- Niagara Parks (app.niagaraparks.com)
- North York Historical Society (nyhs.ca)
- NOW Toronto (nowtoronto.com)
- NOW Toronto (nowtoronto.com)
- NPA 416/647 Relief Planning Committee Planning Document and CNA status page (cnac.ca)
- OCAD University (ocadu.ca)
- Ontario Heritage Trust plaque (text via readtheplaque.com) (readtheplaque.com)
- Ontario plaque (Read the Plaque transcription) (readtheplaque.com)
- Ontario provincial plaque (Read the Plaque transcription) (readtheplaque.com)
- Ontario's Historical Plaques (Hamilton plaque, secondary compilation) (ontarioplaques.com)
- PARC (parc.on.ca)
- Peter Vronsky, History of the Toronto Police 1834-1859 (petervronsky.org)
- Plaque text via Read the Plaque (erecting body not stated) (readtheplaque.com)
- Plaque text via Read the Plaque; Canadian Encyclopedia (38,000+; about 1,100 deaths) (readtheplaque.com)
- Plaque to George Leslie (Read the Plaque) (readtheplaque.com)
- Port Lands history (portlandsto.ca) (portlandsto.ca)
- Portuguese Canadian History Project (pchp-phlc.ca)
- Read the Plaque (readtheplaque.com)
- Read the Plaque transcription (readtheplaque.com)
- Read the Plaque transcription (readtheplaque.com)
- Royal Canadian Institute (rciscience.ca)
- Royal Canadian Mint (search summary) (mint.ca)
- RVTR, The Luminous Veil (rvtr.com)
- Rye & Ginger (ryeandginger.ca)
- SABR, The Birth of the Toronto Blue Jays (sabr.org)
- SARS Commission Executive Summary Vol. 1 (biotech.law.lsu.edu)
- Scientific Reports 2016 (via PMC) (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- Scotiabank Arena history page (scotiabankarena.com)
- SickKids history (inte.sickkids.ca)
- SickKids history pages (sickkids.ca)
- Sinyor et al., BMJ Open 2017 (PMC5734210) (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- Spacing, August 6, 2025 (spacing.ca)
- Spacing, Opening Maple Leaf Gardens (2023) (spacing.ca)
- St. James Cemetery (stjamescemetery.ca)
- Stones of Rebellion (stonesofrebellion.ca)
- Stones of Rebellion (stonesofrebellion.ca)
- Store norske leksikon, Little Norway (snl.no)
- Task Force Final Report, ch. 1 (energy.gov)
- Taylor on History (local blog) (tayloronhistory.com)
- TD Historical Fast Facts (td.com)
- The ArQuives (arquives.ca)
- The ArQuives (arquives.ca)
- The ArQuives digital exhibition (digitalexhibitions.arquives.ca)
- The Canadian Encyclopedia, Toronto FC; MLS (mlssoccer.com)
- The Cultural Landscape Foundation (tclf.org)
- The Cultural Landscape Foundation (tclf.org)
- The Cultural Landscape Foundation: Exhibition Place (tclf.org)
- The Globe and Mail, Beland Honderich, 86 (theglobeandmail.com)
- The Globe and Mail, July 28, 2020 (theglobeandmail.com)
- The Globe and Mail, Rod Robbie obituary (theglobeandmail.com)
- The Weather Network (theweathernetwork.com)
- TMU City Builders: Peter Gilgan (torontomu.ca)
- Toronto Caribbean Carnival website (torontocarnival.ca)
- Toronto Community Housing backgrounder (Dec 15, 2020) (torontohousing.ca)
- Toronto Community Housing, Regent Park development information (torontohousing.ca)
- Toronto District School Board (schoolweb.tdsb.on.ca)
- Toronto Hydro rates and FAQ pages (torontohydro.com)
- Toronto Irish Famine Memorial plaque (transcription) (read-the-plaque.appspot.com)
- Toronto Metropolitan University (torontomu.ca)
- Toronto Pearson history page via search summary; Wikipedia History of Toronto Pearson (en.wikipedia.org)
- Toronto Port Authority, history (torontoportauthority.com)
- TTC 2025 Operating Statistics (ttc.ca)
- TTC Back Track: The blackout of 2003 (coupler.ttc.ca)
- TTC Official Opening Dates (ttc.ca)
- TVO (amp.tvo.org)
- TVO Learn teaching resource summarizing the convention (secondary) (elementary.tvolearn.com)
- University of Toronto Map and Data Library (Borealis) (borealisdata.ca)
- Vice (vice.com)
- WHO Update 95 (who.int)
- Wikipedia (Old Toronto), secondary (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia (secondary), Great Fire of Toronto (1849) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia (secondary), Toronto Fire Services (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia (secondary), Toronto Police Service (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia area code article (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia citing Eric Arthur (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia citing Mike Filey, Toronto Sun 2009 (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia citing Sturino 1990 and Stanger-Ross 2010 (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia citing Toronto Star (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Great Fire of Toronto (1904) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia History of Toronto (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Metropolitan Toronto / City of Toronto Act, Britannica (secondary; primary not reachable) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Michael Garron Hospital (secondary) and TEHN (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Scarborough Bluffs (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Toronto Blessing (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Toronto Public Library (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia Toronto Reference Library (secondary, citing TPL and OAA) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Allen Road (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Battle of Montgomery's Tavern (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, CN Tower (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Corktown, Toronto (citing Transit Toronto) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Distillery District (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Don Valley Brick Works (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Dundas Street (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Gardiner Expressway (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Henry Dundas (secondary; cites Cobbett, ODNB) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, High Park (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, History of the Toronto Blue Jays (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, History of Upper Canada College (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, John W. H. Bassett (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Maple Leaf (train) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Name of Toronto (secondary, citing Hounsom, Firth) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Ontario Legislative Building (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Ontario Place (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Ontario Temperance Act (secondary; cites Malleck, Heron, others) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Queen's Park (Toronto) (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Regent Park (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Rogers Centre (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Royal Alexandra Theatre (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Sun Media (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Sunshine Girl (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, The Annex (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, The Globe and Mail (secondary, citing Bloomberg BusinessWeek and Globe articles) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto) (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Toronto Eaton Centre (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Toronto International Film Festival (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Toronto Pearson International Airport (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Toronto Sun (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Toronto Telegram (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Yonge Street and Ontario Highway 11 (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- Wikipedia, Yorkville Town Hall and plaque entry (secondary) (en.wikipedia.org)
- York University (yorku.ca)
- York University Clara Thomas Archives (atom.library.yorku.ca)
How sources are used
The editorial policy explains how pages are prepared and checked; the corrections policy explains how to report an error. The 1885 book “A History of Toronto and County of York” is transcribed on the biographical sketches pages as printed.
Related reading
Last verified: October 2026
Cite this page
APA: History of Toronto. (2026, October 23). Sources and Bibliography. http://localhost:8210/sources
MLA: “Sources and Bibliography.” History of Toronto, 23 Oct. 2026, http://localhost:8210/sources. Accessed .
Chicago: History of Toronto. “Sources and Bibliography.” Last modified October 23, 2026. http://localhost:8210/sources.
The pages have no named author, so the site is given as the author. Add the date you read the page if your style asks for it.